Smart card research by British computer scientists at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK. At left is Donald Davies (1924-2000) of the NPL, holding a Tokens and Transactions Control Consortium (TTCC) card. At centre is Peter Hawkes of the British Technology Group (BTG), holding a CP8 smart card. At lower right is Wyn L. Price of the NPL, sitting in front of Intel System 80/20 computers. In the 1980s, Davies led the NPL work on the TTCC carried out jointly with the BTG. Both Hawkes and Davies received a lifetime achievement award in 2001 from the smart card industry. Photographed in 1982.