Hosokawa Takakuni (1484-1531) was the most powerful military commander in the Muromachi Period under the 12th shogun; Ashikaga Yoshiharu. He was a member of the Hosokawa clan; and adopted brother to Hosokawa Sumimoto.

In 1507; he aided his brother in avenging the death of their adopted father; Hosokawa Masamoto; at the hands of Hosokawa Sumiyuki. However; he betrayed his adopted brother and the head of the Hosokawa clan when the previous shogun; Ashikaga Yoshiki; was returned to power in 1508. He became the new head of the clan; monopolising much of the shogunate's power in the next few years; turning Yoshiki into a puppet shogun.

When Yoshiki escaped his 'captivity' in 1521; Takakuni made Ashikaga Yoshiharu the new shogun. He was eventually purged from Kyoto; the capital; in 1527; by an alliance between Myoshi Motonaga and Hosokawa Harumoto. His army was defeated in 1531; and he tried to hide in an alcohol storage room in Amagasaki; Settsu Province; before he was discovered and; rather than be captured; committed suicide.