Bl羹cher (often spelled Blutcher) was built by George Stephenson in 1814 which helped establish his reputation as an engine designer. It could pull a train of 30 tons at a speed of 4 mph up a gradient of 1 in 450. Stephenson measured its performance and realized that overall it saved little money compared with the use of horses, even though the price of corn was at an all-time high because of the wars. Bl羹cher's performance was described in "Annals of Philosophy" 1814: "The experiment succeeded so well at Leeds, that a similar engine has been erected at Newcastle, about a mile north from that town. It moves at the rate of three miles an hour, dragging after it 14 waggons, loaded each with about two tons of coals; so that in this case the expense of 14 horses is saved by the substitution of the steam-engine". Bl羹cher did not survive: Stephenson recycled its parts as he developed more advanced models.