Criminal typing by class. "Sexual perverts" from New York's Elmira reformatory. For those prisoners deemed, respectively, "dullards" and "manly and intelligent," see BU3977 and BU3978. The attempt to classify criminal types was promoted by Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909), who believed that criminality was inherited, and that various criminal types could be discerned in their physical defects. Havelock Ellis (1859-1939) embraced these ideas in his book on criminology, "The Criminal" (1890), in which this photograph appears.