PNP253883 Voting in Philadelphia, 1816 (w/c on paper) by American School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: end of the two-term presidency of Democratic-Republican James Madison (1751-1836) who was succeeded by his Secretary of State James Monroe (1758-1831); the oppostion Federalist Party were in a state of collapse; voters hand ballots through windows of Independence Hall;); Peter Newark American Pictures; American, out of copyright.