The city of Bamiyan was part of the Buddhist Kushan Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era. After the Kushan Empire fell to the Sassanids, Bamiyan became part of the Kushansha, vassals to the Sassanids. The Hephthalites conquered Bamiyan in the 5th century.

After their Khanate was destroyed by the Sassanids and Turks in 565, Bamiyan became the capital of the small Kushano-Hephthalite kingdom until 870, when it was conquered by the Saffarids. The area was conquered by the Ghaznavids in the 11th century. In 1221 the city and its population were completely wiped out by Genghis Khan. The first European to see Bamiyan was William Moorcroft (explorer) about 1824.